Thomas S. Johnson Distinguished Professor of Biology Blackburn, Chair; Charles A. Dana Professor of Biology Schneider; Professors Dunlap, Fleming∙∙, and Morrison; Associate Professors Archer, Foster, Guardiola-Diaz, and Smedley∙; Principal Lecturer and Laboratory Coordinator O’Donnell; Senior Lecturer and Laboratory Coordinator Swart; Lecturer and Laboratory Coordinator Bonneau; Lecturer and Director of the Electron Microscopy Facility Lehman
Biology is the study of the unity and diversity of life. Modern biology is a field of great breadth that includes such disciplines as molecular biology, genetics, development, physiology, zoology, botany, ecology, and evolutionary biology. As an interdisciplinary field, biology draws upon chemistry, mathematics, and physics, while intersecting with such other fields as neuroscience, psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and paleontology.
The biology major is constructed to provide students with a broad background in the field while offering opportunities for concentration in particular areas. The department has excellent facilities, and majors are strongly encouraged to conduct independent research with a faculty member. A major in biology can lead to a career in research, teaching, or the health professions, as well as in law, government, business, or management. The major also prepares students for further study in such interdisciplinary fields as biochemistry, nutrition, neuroscience, oceanography, and environmental science.
Students who are considering a major in biology should consult a member of the Biology Department as early in their undergraduate career as possible. The faculty member will help plan a sequence of courses appropriate for the student’s particular interests and needs. If the biology major is to be used as preparation for one of the health-related professions, the student should consult with a member of the Health Professions Advisory Committee (see the advising section in the Bulletin).
The biology major—Students have two options for majoring in biology, leading respectively to the bachelor of science degree and the bachelor of arts degree. Both degrees offer students breadth and depth in the field. The bachelor of science degree is recommended to undergraduates who want the strongest background in the discipline and to students who are interested in pursuing a graduate degree in the biological sciences. The bachelor of arts degree offers a level of flexibility and is appropriate for students with plans that do not necessarily include graduate school. Either the B.S. or B.A. degree is appropriate for students aspiring to health professions schools.
General requirements for the B.S. and B.A.
Course requirements for a major in biology include nine courses from the Department of Biology, plus at least three cognate courses in chemistry and mathematics. No course with a grade less than C- may be counted towards the major.
The core sequence of biology courses is as follows:
Required cognate courses include CHEM 111L and 112L. Introductory Chemistry I and II and one of the following courses in quantitative methods:
Incoming students with interests in the life sciences ideally should enroll in BIOL 182L and CHEM 111L in the fall semester, followed by BIOL 183L and CHEM 112L in the spring semester. If necessary, students who have taken CHEM 111L may enter BIOL 183L in the spring semester and take BIOL 182L the following fall semester.
BIOL 182L and 183L are required for most upper-level courses in the biological sciences, and both satisfy the Writing Intensive Part II requirement for the major.
Bachelor of science in biology
Beyond the general requirements outlined above, candidates for the bachelor of science degree are expected to take seven biology courses (at least four with labs), plus one additional cognate course in the physical sciences as described.
The seven additional biology courses include BIOL 224. Genetics, plus one course each from Groups I, II, and IV, plus three other biology courses chosen from any of the groups. Students who wish to use Research in Biology as one of their nine majors courses must either take two semesters of BIOL 419 or 425, or one semester of either with concurrent enrollment in BIOL 403 or 404. Research Seminar.
Group I: Biodiversity—Group I offerings provide exposure to the biology of organisms other than vertebrates, groups that comprise the vast majority of all life. These courses employ an integrative approach with an emphasis on biodiversity.
Group II: Cellular/molecular basis of life—Group II offerings will ensure that students gain competence in the cellular and molecular processes that are fundamental to life.
Group III: Electives in biology—Group III courses are intended to allow students the opportunity to explore other areas of biology in detail.
Group IV: Capstone courses—Group IV courses provide students with a culminating experience in the major, and satisfy the senior exercise requirement.
Required cognate course—In addition to biology and cognate courses listed above, students must take at least one course in organic chemistry (CHEM 211L) or introductory physics (PHYS 101L or PHYS 131L).
Students are strongly recommended to take two semesters in organic chemistry and two semesters in introductory physics. While not required for the major, these are considered to be essential for students who are interested in the health professions or in continuing their education at the graduate level.
Bachelor of arts in biology
Beyond the “general requirements” (BIOL 182 and 183, CHEM 111 and 112, and a course in quantitative methods, as listed above), candidates for the bachelor of arts degree are expected to take seven biology courses (at least four with labs). These seven courses should include at least one course each from Groups I, II, and IV, as listed above.
One of the following courses may be used as an elective toward the bachelor of arts degree if taken before completion of the introductory sequence of BIOL 182 and 183:
Optional courses of potential interest—Students also are encouraged to take courses in other departments and programs that have a relationship to the biological sciences. Examples of such courses are as follows:
The biology minor—The minor in biology is an option for students who are not majoring in the subject but who wish to enhance their biological background in conjunction with other academic interests. The minor offers students the opportunity to explore one or more aspects of biology or to sample broadly from across the departmental curriculum. A minor in the subject also may help prepare students for post-graduate careers in areas related to the life sciences, including environmental consulting, scientific publishing, environmental law, nutrition, science teaching, and allied health fields. In order to declare a minor in biology and to plan a course of study, a student should meet with the chair of the Biology Department.
The minor in biology consists of six courses in the biological sciences (including at least four with labs). These six courses include (a) BIOL 182L and 183L and (b) four departmental electives at the 200 level or above. At least two of the four electives should be lab courses. Eligible departmental electives include all 200-, 300-, and 400-level biology courses, as well as NESC 201. Principles of Neuroscience: Neurobiology and NESC 402. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. BIOL 183 has a prerequisite of CHEM 111L.
To minimize excessive “double-dipping,” a maximum of two of the six biology courses is allowed to count towards the student’s academic major. Only one of the six biology courses can be a transfer credit (except in unusual circumstances approved by the department). No course with a grade less than C- may be counted towards the minor.
Advanced Placement—Students who receive a score of 4 or 5 on the Advanced Placement examination in biology may receive one course credit towards graduation. This course credit may not be counted towards the biology major, nor does it exempt students from any of the courses required for the major.
Teaching assistantships—Each year, by invitation, certain students will be given the opportunity to function as teaching assistants. Those accepting will work closely with a faculty member in the presentation of a departmental course. The primary responsibilities of student assistants will be instructional. Students taking part in this program can receive course credit by registering in BIOL 466 (not creditable to the biology major).
Research in biology—Majors in biology are provided the opportunity to carry out research through direct laboratory work, field work, or library research under the direction of an individual faculty member. Seniors and those students using a laboratory or library research course to satisfy the Group IV requirement must simultaneously enroll in the biology research seminar (BIOL 403 or 404). Because of the nature of laboratory work and field work, students should be willing to devote at least two semesters to research. Library work is to be done on the semester basis and will involve the preparation of a paper dealing with a significant phenomenon or issue in the field. Those who wish to pursue this work should seek permission from the sponsoring faculty member no later than December 1 if the work is to be initiated in the spring term or no later than May 1 if the work is to be initiated in the fall term. Students are urged to make their arrangements as early as possible in the preceding semester. Ideally, students interested in summer research should contact faculty members in the preceding fall semester.
Non-majors—All students who wish to participate in departmental courses are welcome to enroll in any of these courses as long as they satisfy the listed prerequisites, or after obtaining permission from the faculty member teaching a course.
Courses at other institutions—Students who wish to receive major credit for course work at other institutions should submit to the department chair the name of the institution and the number, title, and catalogue description of the course. This information must be submitted in writing before the work is initiated and formal permission must be granted before the course can be credited toward the major at Trinity. Upon approval, up to three biology courses taken away from Trinity may be counted toward the biology major. Under special circumstances, students may petition the department for permission to transfer additional courses; transfer students wishing to transfer more than three courses should petition at the time of admission.
Study away—While there are many general programs of study abroad for Trinity students, biology majors interested in foreign study should be aware of programs designed particularly for serious biological study outside the College. Examples of suitable programs in which Trinity students participate regularly are listed below:
Honors—Students seeking honors must apply for the honors program in biology. This application must be in written form and should be submitted to the chair of biology before the sixth week of classes of a student’s sixth semester. The biology faculty will act upon each application. Students seeking honors must have completed five biology courses that count towards the major by the end of their fifth semester and their grade point average in these courses must be at least 3.3 (B+). In addition, they must demonstrate in their work a scholarly intent. Students not qualifying for the honors program after five semesters may be invited by the faculty to enter the program at a later time.
After acceptance into the honors program, students must maintain a GPA of 3.3 in their biology courses. In addition, they must perform research in biology (BIOL 419 or BIOL 425) for two semesters, including participation in BIOL 403 and 404. The honors program for a student culminates in an honors thesis (BIOL 497), an oral presentation to the biology faculty, and a poster presentation at our annual science symposium. Upon completion of these requirements, the faculty of biology will vote to award honors to those candidates who are deemed qualified. Under exceptional circumstances, certain research students not enrolled in the honors program, may, by producing particularly distinguished work, be considered for honors by the faculty of biology.
Fall Term
[120. Genes, Clones, and Biotechnology]— This course will focus on the fundamental concepts of genetics and human reproduction upon which current biotechnologies are based. Topics will include patterns of heredity, the molecular biology of gene structure and function, the manipulation and analysis of DNA, genes and disease, mutation, reproduction and embryonic development. The application of this knowledge as it is used in genetic screening, gene therapy, forensic medicine, embryo cloning, the production of transgenic organisms, and other biotechnologies will be discussed. In addition, the social, legal, and ethical ramifications of these technologies will be considered. Not creditable to the biology major. (Enrollment limited)
140. Biological Systems— This course explores the biology of animals (including humans) from standpoints of anatomy, physiology, and evolution. We shall consider basics of cell biology, genetics, development, and structure and function of the major organ systems (e.g., digestive, respiratory, excretory, nervous, endocrine, and reproductive systems). Evolutionary processes that have yielded animal diversity will also be explored. Laboratory activities include anatomical dissection, as well as explorations of microscopy, physiology, behavior, population genetics, and molecular biology. Not creditable to the biology major. This course fulfills the biology course requirement for students majoring in psychology and engineering. (Enrollment limited)-Blackburn, Bonneau, Dunlap
140L. Biological Systems - Lab— This course explores the biology of animals (including humans) from standpoints of anatomy, physiology, and evolution. We shall consider basics of cell biology, genetics, development, and structure and function of the major organ systems (e.g., digestive, respiratory, excretory, nervous, endocrine, and reproductive systems). Evolutionary processes that have yielded animal diversity will also be explored. Laboratory activities include anatomical dissection, as well as explorations of microscopy, physiology, behavior, population genetics, and molecular biology. Not creditable to the biology major. This course fulfills the biology course requirement for students majoring in psychology and engineering. For this optional laboratory class the student must also enroll in the lecture section. (0.25 course credit) (Enrollment limited)-Bonneau
[141. Global Perspectives on Biodiversity and Conservation]— This lecture and discussion course focuses on the current biodiversity crisis. We will discuss biological diversity and where it is found and how it is monitored, direct and indirect values of biodiversity, and consequences of biodiversity loss. Topics of discussion will also include the problems of small populations, the politics of endangered species, species invasions and extinctions, and the role of humans in these processes, design and establishment of reserves, captive breeding, and the role that the public and governments play in conserving biological diversity. Not creditable to the biology major. (Enrollment limited)
182. Evolution of Life— This course will provide an introduction to life on Earth from an evolutionary perspective. Through lecture and discussion, we will examine evolutionary principles, inheritance, biodiversity, physiological adaptations, and ecology. The laboratory will provide the opportunity to explore biological concepts through observation, experimental design, and analysis. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)-Blackburn, Bonneau, Fleming, Morrison, O’Donnell, Schneider, Swart
[203. Cellular Basis of Life]— In this third course of the introductory biology sequence, we will examine cells as the fundamental unit of life, discussing features common to all cells, and exploring specializations that confer unique properties to different cell types. The laboratory will provide the opportunity to explore biological concepts through observation, experimental design, and analysis. Prerequisite: A grade of C- or better in Biology 182L and Chemistry 111L or permission of the instructor. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)
[215. Botany]— An introductory study of the structure, function, development, metabolism, reproduction, dispersal, ecology, and evolution of plants. Plant/animal interactions and co-evolution will be considered. Laboratory exercises and field work are designed to involve students with important concepts discussed in lecture. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, or permission of instructor. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)
220. Transmission Electron Microscopy— Taught during the first seven weeks of the semester, this laboratory course introduces students to the transmission electron microscope (TEM), as well as to associated techniques and equipment. Transmission electron microscopes permit the ultrastructural examination of cell, tissue, and non-biological materials at very high magnification (up to 250,000x). In this course, students learn how to prepare specimens for electron microscopic study, to use the TEM to examine and digitally photograph them, and to interpret the resultant images. The theory behind these techniques and the use of the TEM also will be considered. Students apply these techniques towards construction of a portfolio of micrographs; if necessary, they can use two weeks beyond the seven-week class period to finish their projects. This course is ideal for students interested in independent research in biology, biochemistry, or neuroscience, but is open to other students as well. This course does not count towards the biology major. This course meets for one lecture and one lab period per week; however, students should plan to invest time outside of class in order to practice the techniques. (0.5 course credit) (Enrollment limited)-Lehman
224. Genetics— A study of the basic principles of genetics including the transmission and organization of the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the molecular biology of nucleic acids and information transfer, mutation and mutagenesis, and gene regulation. Laboratory will include techniques of genetic analysis in plants, fungi, and Drosophila. Selected experiments in cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and the genetics of bacteria and bacteria phage. This course may be taken without laboratory by registering for only Biology 224-01. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, or Biology 183L or Biology 203L, or Permission of Instructor. (Enrollment limited)-Fleming
224L. Genetics Laboratory— A study of the basic principles of genetics including the transmission and organization of the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the molecular biology of nucleic acids and information transfer, mutation and mutagenesis, and gene regulation. Laboratory will include techniques of genetic analysis in plants, fungi, and Drosophila. Selected experiments in cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and the genetics of bacteria and bacteria phage. Prerequisite: C- or betterin BIOL 224-01, or concurrent enrollment in BIOL 224-01. (0.25 course credit) (Enrollment limited)-Fleming
[226. Recombinant DNA Technology]— Human gene therapy, genetically-engineered crop plants, and transgenic mice are all possible because of the powerful techniques developed to manipulate nucleic acids and proteins. This course will introduce you to the fundamental methods at the heart of this technology—DNA isolation, restriction digestion, DNA recombination, Southern blotting, and DNA library screening. The emphasis will be on the laboratory experience, with lectures covering current examples of research using the techniques described. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, and Biology 183L or Biology 203L, or Permission of Instructor. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)
[227. Cell Biology]— A study of cell structure and function, emphasizing molecular components, metabolism, organelles, motility, and growth and division. The molecular biology of cells and the regulation of cellular processes are emphasized. Laboratory exercises will include light microscopy, molecular cellular experiments, and other experiments in cell biology. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, and Biology 183L or Biology 203L, or Permission of Instructor. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)
[233. Conservation Biology]— This lecture and discussion course focuses on the science and theory of this interdisciplinary field. Biological concepts examined include biodiversity and the definition of species, patterns of species vulnerability, population dynamics of small populations, extinctions and invasions, rarity, metapopulations, conservation genetics, reserve design, captive breeding, endangered species, habitat fragmentation, and population recovery programs. Interactions between biology, human concerns regarding resource management, and the political process will also be considered. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, or permission of instructor. (Enrollment limited)
244. Biology of Infectious Disease— The infectious disease process is multifactorial. In order to understand how bacteria and viruses cause disease, it is necessary to examine the delicate relationship that exists between the host and the infectious organism. This course will focus on understanding the human immune system in health and in disease, as well as the mechanisms employed by microorganisms to escape the immune response. A stepwise approach to the infectious process will be taken in this lecture- and discussion-based course, beginning with initial encounter between the host and the infectious agent and ending with the transmission of the agent to a new host. Although human disease will be the main focus, some infectious agents of plants and other animals will also be discussed. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, or Biology 183L or Biology 203L, or Permission of Instructor. (Enrollment limited)-Foster
250. Genomics Research Program Seminar— This couse serves to transition students from their focused first year experience to the broader field of biological research, both at Trinity and beyond. Students will read primary research literature from the full range of the life sciences - from molecules to ecosystems - and discuss common themes and problems in biological research. Students will also interact with all faculty and upper-level students conducting biological research at Trinity and will attend presentations of guest-lecturers from other colleges and universities. Prerequisite: C- or better in FYSM 170, Phage Hunters, and Biology 175. (0.5 course credit) (Enrollment limited)-Dunlap
[310. Developmental Biology]— A study of the developmental processes in animals with emphasis on vertebrates. Modern theories of development are emphasized. Laboratory exercise will include studies of the developmental anatomy of several animals with emphasis on the early embryology of the chick. In addition, experiments dealing with several aspects of animal morphogenesis will be pursued and selected techniques used in experimental studies of animal development will be introduced. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L or Biology 183L or Biology 203L, or permission of instructor. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)
317. Biochemistry— A study of the molecular reactions that sustain life. Topics include biomolecule structure and function, enzyme kinetics, bioenergetics, and integration and regulation of metabolic pathways. The laboratory exercises include chromatography, electrophoresis, spectroscopy and bioinformatic analysis. Prerequisite: C- or better in Chemistry 212L, Biology 182L and Biology 183L or 203L. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)-Guardiola-Diaz
[317L. Biochemistry Laboratory]— The goal of this course is to provide an introduction to the molecular reactions that sustain life. Topics include biomolecule structure and function, bioenergetic principles that rule the synthesis and degradation of biological macromolecules, and integration and regulation of metabolic pathways. As a consequence of its interdisciplinary nature, this course should be rewarding to students with a variety of interests. This is a lecture and discussion-based course with an instructional laboratory. The final grade earned will be determined by performance on examinations, quizzes, written assignments, laboratory reports, group activities, attendance and participation. Students majoring in biochemistry or using this course to satisfy the Group II requirement for the biology major must enroll in lab. Concurrent enrollment in Biology 317-01 or C- or better in Biology 317-01. (0.25 course credit) (Enrollment limited)
[319. Animal Physiology]— This course examines the physiological mechanisms underlying four fundamental functions—movement, sensation, feeding, and reproduction. How do physiological systems operate to enable organisms to live in drastically different habitats? What are the common cellular and molecular mechanisms shared by diverse animals? The laboratory will consist of several preparations examining developmental, sensory, endocrine, and muscle physiology, followed by more detailed, independent investigations of one of these preparations. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, and Biology 183L or Biology 203L, or Permission of Instructor. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)
[333. Ecology]— A study of the adaptations of organisms to their environment and of the interrelationships among organisms that determine the structure and attributes of natural populations and biological communities. Field trips and laboratory exercises use sampling methods and statistical techniques to analyze the response of organisms to their physical environment, selected population phenomena, and different natural communities. Several field trips are required during the term. It is recommended that students take Biology 215L and 222L before enrolling, but they are not prerequisites.This course has a community learning component. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, or permission of instructor. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)
336. Marine and Freshwater Botany— A study of the life histories and environmental strategies of aquatic algae, bryophytes, and vascular plants. The course will highlight the physiological problems and anatomical adaptations associated with life in various fluid environments. Fieldwork in a peat bog, Long Island Sound, and fresh-water environments supplements self-designed research projects on reproductive morphology, growth studies, and physiology of selected aquatic plants. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L. Biology 215L is recommended. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)-Schneider
399. Independent Study— Independent research supervised by a faculty member in an area of the student’s special interests. Submission of the special registration form, available in the Registrar’s Office, and the approval of the instructor are required for enrollment. (0.5-1 course credit) -Staff
403. Research Seminar— Students engaged in laboratory or field research, as well as honors candidates conducting library research, will meet with the biology faculty for oral presentations and critical discussions of journal papers, research plans, and research progress. Prerequisite: Concurrent enrollment in either Biology 419 or 425. Class is open only to Senior Biology Majors (0.5 course credit) (Enrollment limited)-Staff
419. Research in Biology (Library)— Students will conduct library research projects under the direction of an individual faculty member. Students electing this type of independent study should plan on a full semester culminating with the completion of a final formal paper. Seniors and those using library research to satisfy the Group IV requirement must simultaneously enroll in the Research Seminar (Biology 403). Submission of the special registration form, available in the Registrar’s Office, and the approval of the instructor are required for enrollment. (0.5 course credit) -Staff
425. Research in Biology (Laboratory)— Students will conduct original laboratory research projects under the direction of an individual faculty member. Students electing to pursue independent study of this type should plan on initiating work no later than the fall of the senior year, and should also plan on no less than two semesters of study with a final formal report to be submitted to the department, as well as a poster at the annual Science Symposium. Seniors and those using laboratory research to satisfy the Group IV requirement must simultaneously enroll in the Research Seminar (Biology 403). Submission of the special registration form, available in the Registrar’s Office, and the approval of the instructor are required for enrollment. (0.5 course credit) -Staff
[430. Avian Ecology and Conservation]— This seminar/discussion course will focus on issues related to the ecology and conservation of birds. We will examine current areas of research at several levels, including genetic, species, population, community, and landscape. Class discussions will focus on readings from the current ornithological literature, and class will be organized around student presentations of this material. A research project is required. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, or permission of instructor. (Enrollment limited)
466. Teaching Assistantship— Students who have been invited to serve as teaching assistants will register for this course. Submission of the special registration form, available in the Registrar’s Office, and the approval of the instructor are required for enrollment. See paragraph on teaching assistants in the description of the major. Not creditable to the major. (0.5 course credit) -Staff
475. Symbiosis— The word “symbiosis” was coined to describe an arrangement in which organisms of different species live closely together. The relationship may be of mutual benefit (mutualism), may be of benefit to one member while harmful to the other (parasitism), or may be beneficial to one and of neutral effect on the other (commensalism). Examples of the incredible variety of relationships include the commensalism between remoras and sharks, the parasitism of mistletoes on trees, and the mutualism of ants and acacia plants. Some of the most important events in the history of life—the origin of eukaryotic cells, for example—are the result of ancient symbiotic interactions. We will examine the natural history, physiology, and evolution of these remarkable associations. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, or Biology 183L or Biology 203L, or Permission of Instructor. (Enrollment limited)-Archer
Courses Originating in Other Departments
Neuroscience 101. The Brain— View course description in department listing on p. 696. -Church
Spring Term
[104. Frontiers in Medicine]— The field of medicine has grown tremendously in recent years. Stem cells, the face transplant and nanotechnology are no longer topics of science fiction. Although these novel technologies have profound implications for human health, they are not without their drawbacks. These technologies are extremely expensive and challenge both our ethical and religious beliefs. This course is geared towards non-science majors. The purpose is to provide students with a basic understanding of the science behind these technologies. In doing so, students will be better prepared to understand the legal and ethical debate that will certainly arise in the years to come. (Enrollment limited)
107. Plants and People— This course is an introduction to plant biology, with a special emphasis on how plants are used by people around the world. We will examine how plants are constructed, how they grow, how they respond to the environment, and how they have adapted to a variety of habitats. As we cover the fundamentals of botany, we will see the biological reasons why plants are good for making paper, medicine, cloth, dyes, construction materials and food. Not creditable to the biology major. (Enrollment limited)-Archer
111. Winter Ecology— Winters in Connecticut are cold and snowy, yet life persists in this stark environment. Through this ecology course we will explore a variety of amazing strategies by which animals and plants meet winter’s challenges. In addition to lectures and discussions, during our regular class time on certain weeks we will have required field labs providing firsthand experience with winter ecology. The only prerequisites are a sense of curiosity for the natural world, warm winter clothing, and the ability to understand basic quantitative material. Not creditable to the biology major. (Enrollment limited)-Smedley
[122. Toxicology]— Toxicology is often described as the study of poisons This course will outline the principles of toxicology (absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion) , focusing on toxicity to humans. We will examine common substances that could, at some dose, be toxic, exploring dose-response relationships, susceptible populations, risk assessment and the precautionary principle. The biological effect of common toxins such as lead, gasoline, household cleaners, and particulate air pollution, but also compounds such as alcohol, pain relievers, caffeine, over-the-counter medications and drugs of abuse will be discussed. Case studies will be used to illustrate concepts. Not creditable to the Biology major. (Enrollment limited)
[131. Urban Wildlife Ecology]— Conservation of wildlife and natural habitats in urban, suburban, and developing areas. We will study the occurrence, adaptations, and values of wildlife in urbanized areas, with emphasis on research and agency programs. The theory and practice of applying ecological principles to the management of wildlife and wildlife habitats in metropolitan areas will be examined. Not creditable to the biology major. Enrollment limited. (Enrollment limited)
141. Global Perspectives on Biodiversity and Conservation— This lecture and discussion course focuses on the current biodiversity crisis. We will discuss biological diversity and where it is found and how it is monitored, direct and indirect values of biodiversity, and consequences of biodiversity loss. Topics of discussion will also include the problems of small populations, the politics of endangered species, species invasions and extinctions, and the role of humans in these processes, design and establishment of reserves, captive breeding, and the role that the public and governments play in conserving biological diversity. Not creditable to the biology major. (Enrollment limited)-Morrison
175. Genome Analysis— Students learn the methods of genome analysis using the phage genome sequenced in the course, FYSM 170, Phage Hunt. Students learn how to use bioinformatics software tools and gene databases to identify genes and regulatory sequences and compare them to known viral genomes. Evolutionary relationships between the new and already know viruses may be determined by comparing amino acid sequences of encoded proteins. New genes can be entered into the public gene databases. Students write up and present their scientific results. (Enrollment limited)-Guardiola-Diaz
183. Cellular Basis of Life— In this introductory level course, we will examine cells as the fundamental unit of life, discussing features common to all cells, and exploring specializations that confer unique properties to different cell types. The laboratory will provide the opportunity to explore biological concepts through observation, experimental design, and analysis. Prerequisite: C- or better in Chemistry 111 or Permission of Instructor (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)-Archer, Bonneau, Foster, O’Donnell
206. Histophysiology— This course provides a comprehensive survey of the structure, composition, and function of tissues and their cellular and non-cellular components. Particular emphasis is placed on structural organization and structural-functional relationships of mammal tissues, with comparisons to other vertebrates. Recent microscopic research conducted at Trinity will also be considered. In the laboratory, students learn fundamentals of cell and tissue morphology through light microscopy and examination of electron micrographs. A background in general or organic chemistry is useful. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, or Biology 183L or Biology 203L, or Permission of Instructor. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)-Blackburn
210L. Scanning Electron Microscopy— Taught during the first seven weeks of the semester, this laboratory course introduces students to the use of the scanning electron microscope (SEM), as well as associated techniques and equipment. Scanning electron microscopes permit the examination of surface features of cells, tissues, and non-biological materials at high magnification. In this course, students learn how to prepare specimens for electron microscopic study, and how to use the SEM to examine and photograph these specimens. Techniques to be used include tissue fixation, critical point drying, and specimen coating. The theory behind these techniques and use of the SEM also will be considered. This course is especially appropriate for students interested in independent research in biology, biochemistry, or neuroscience, but is open to other students as well. This course does not count towards the biology major. The course meets for one lab per week; however, students should plan to invest time outside of class in order to practice the techniques. (0.5 course credit) (Enrollment limited)-Lehman
222. Invertebrate Zoology— An introductory study of the variety, morphology, functional attributes, development, ecology, and evolution of the major groups of invertebrate animals. The laboratory includes demonstrations, dissections, and experimental observation that relate adaptations in structural patterns and physiological processes of organisms to their marine, freshwater, or terrestrial environments. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L or permission of instructor. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)-Smedley
[224. Genetics]— A study of the basic principles of genetics including the transmission and organization of the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the molecular biology of nucleic acids and information transfer, mutation and mutagenesis, and gene regulation. Laboratory will include techniques of genetic analysis in plants, fungi, and Drosophila. Selected experiments in cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and the genetics of bacteria and bacteria phage. This course may be taken without laboratory by registering for only Biology 224-01. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, or Biology 183L or Biology 203L, or Permission of Instructor. (Enrollment limited)
[224L. Genetics Laboratory]— A study of the basic principles of genetics including the transmission and organization of the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the molecular biology of nucleic acids and information transfer, mutation and mutagenesis, and gene regulation. Laboratory will include techniques of genetic analysis in plants, fungi, and Drosophila. Selected experiments in cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and the genetics of bacteria and bacteria phage. Prerequisite: C- or betterin BIOL 224-01, or concurrent enrollment in BIOL 224-01. (0.25 course credit) (Enrollment limited)
[226. Recombinant DNA Technology]— Human gene therapy, genetically-engineered crop plants, and transgenic mice are all possible because of the powerful techniques developed to manipulate nucleic acids and proteins. This course will introduce you to the fundamental methods at the heart of this technology—DNA isolation, restriction digestion, DNA recombination, Southern blotting, and DNA library screening. The emphasis will be on the laboratory experience, with lectures covering current examples of research using the techniques described. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, and Biology 183L or Biology 203L, or Permission of Instructor. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)
227. Cell Biology— A study of cell structure and function, emphasizing molecular components, metabolism, organelles, motility, and growth and division. The molecular biology of cells and the regulation of cellular processes are emphasized. Laboratory exercises will include light microscopy, molecular cellular experiments, and other experiments in cell biology. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, or Biology 183L or Biology 203L, or Permission of Instructor. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)-Foster
[233. Conservation Biology]— This lecture and discussion course focuses on the science and theory of this interdisciplinary field. Biological concepts examined include biodiversity and the definition of species, patterns of species vulnerability, population dynamics of small populations, extinctions and invasions, rarity, metapopulations, conservation genetics, reserve design, captive breeding, endangered species, habitat fragmentation, and population recovery programs. Interactions between biology, human concerns regarding resource management, and the political process will also be considered. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, or permission of instructor. (Enrollment limited)
[308. Microbiology]— A study of microorganisms that include bacteria, viruses, and eukaryotic microbes. Structure, genetics, metabolism, growth and division, and prokaryotic experimental systems are examined. In addition, mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis, and human and viral pathogens are explored. Laboratory exercises will consist of sterile techniques, culture, microscopy, and identification of bacterial specimens. Other exercises will involve experiments in genetic exchange. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, or Biology 183L or Biology 203L, or Permission of Instructor. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)
[315. Vertebrate Zoology]— A broad-based survey of the biological diversity and evolution of the vertebrates. Special emphasis will be placed on functional morphology, physiology, paleontology, and ecology, as related to evolutionary history. The laboratory will introduce the student to the fundamentals of vertebrate anatomy through the dissection of such animals as the dogfish shark, the cat, and the lamprey. Other lab exercises will deal with functional analysis and reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, or permission of instructor. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)
319. Animal Physiology— This course examines the physiological mechanisms underlying four fundamental functions—movement, sensation, feeding, and reproduction. How do physiological systems operate to enable organisms to live in drastically different habitats? What are the common cellular and molecular mechanisms shared by diverse animals? The laboratory will consist of several preparations examining developmental, sensory, endocrine, and muscle physiology, followed by more detailed, independent investigations of one of these preparations. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L, or Biology 183L or Biology 203L, or Permission of Instructor. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)-Dunlap
[336. Marine and Freshwater Botany]— A study of the life histories and environmental strategies of aquatic algae, bryophytes, and vascular plants. The course will highlight the physiological problems and anatomical adaptations associated with life in various fluid environments. Fieldwork in a peat bog, Long Island Sound, and fresh-water environments supplements self-designed research projects on reproductive morphology, growth studies, and physiology of selected aquatic plants. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182L. Biology 215L is recommended. (1.25 course credits) (Enrollment limited)
399. Independent Study— Independent research supervised by a faculty member in an area of the student’s special interests. Submission of the special registration form, available in the Registrar’s Office, and the approval of the instructor are required for enrollment. (0.5-1 course credit) -Staff
404. Research Seminar— Students engaged in laboratory research, as well as honor candidates conducting library research, will meet with the biology faculty for oral presentations and critical discussions of journal papers, research plans, and research progress. Prerequisite: Concurrent enrollment in either Biology 419 or 425. Class is open only to Senior Biology Majors (0.5 course credit) (Enrollment limited)-Staff
419. Research in Biology (Library)— Students will conduct library research projects under the direction of an individual faculty member. Students electing this type of independent study should plan on a full semester culminating with the completion of a final formal paper. Seniors and those using library research to satisfy the Group IV requirement must simultaneously enroll in the Research Seminar (Biology 404). Submission of the special registration form, available in the Registrar’s Office, and the approval of the instructor are required for enrollment. (0.5 course credit) -Staff
425. Research in Biology (Laboratory)— Students will conduct original laboratory research projects under the direction of an individual faculty member. Students electing to pursue independent study of this type should plan on initiating work no later than the fall of the senior year, and should also plan on no less than two semesters of study with a final formal report to be submitted to the department, as well as a poster at the annual Science Symposium. Seniors and those using laboratory research to satisfy the Group IV requirement must simultaneously enroll in the Research Seminar (Biology 403). Submission of the special registration form, available in the Registrar’s Office, and the approval of the instructor are required for enrollment. (0.5 course credit) -Staff
[446. Bacterial Pathogenesis]— This seminar will examine the intricate relationship between a bacterial pathogen and a mammalian host. Bacteria have evolved a wide array of virulence factors that allow them to circumvent host defense mechanisms and cause disease. Many of these virulence factors have been identified and studied at the molecular level. Additionally, a study of the host immune system is essential for an understanding of the ability of microorganisms to cause disease. The molecular biology of bacterial virulence as well as the host response to pathogens will be examined through readings and discussions of the primary literature. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 183L or Biology 203L, and one of the following: Biology 227L, or Biology 308L, or Biology 317L, or permission of instructor (Enrollment limited)
466. Teaching Assistantship— Students who have been invited to serve as teaching assistants will register for this course. Submission of the special registration form, available in the Registrar’s Office, and the approval of the instructor are required for enrollment. See paragraph on teaching assistants in the description of the major. Not creditable to the major. (0.5 course credit) -Staff
468. Marine Phytogeography— An advanced-level seminar on the historical and recent biological, physical, and artificial factors controlling the distribution of marine organisms, particularly seaweeds. Class discussions focus on primary phytogeographical literature. An investigative search and term paper on the known distribution of a marine alga is required. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 336L or Permission of Instructor. -Schneider
473. Sensory Biology— This integrative course examines the cell biology, development, physiology and ecology of the senses (vision, audition, olfaction, taste and touch). We will discuss the complex ways humans gather, filter and process sensory information; and how animals sense the world quite differently. The laboratory section will include histological and physiological studies, and some field studies of animal communication (formerly Biology 373L). Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 182, and Biology 183L or Biology 203L, and Biology 319L or Neuroscience 201, or permission of instructor. (Enrollment limited)-Dunlap
497. Honors Thesis— An extended paper on the subject of the student’s two-semester research project with a professor in biology, to be read by three or more members of the department. This course is open only to those biology majors who wish to qualify for honors (see paragraph on Honors in Biology in the description of the major). Simultaneous enrollment in Biology 419 or 425 and 404, submission of the special registration form available in the Registrar’s Office, and approval of the instructor and chair are required for enrollment. Prerequisite: Simultaneous enrollment in Biology 419 or Biology 425 and Biology 404. (0.5 course credit) -Staff
Courses Originating in Other Departments
[Neuroscience 101. The Brain]— View course description in department listing on p. 699.
Neuroscience 201. Principles of Neuroscience— View course description in department listing on p. 699. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 183L or Biology 203L, or Permission of Instructor. -Blackburn, Church, Masino, Raskin
Neuroscience 201L. Principles of Neuroscience Laboratory— View course description in department listing on p. 699. Prerequisite: C- or better in Biology 183L or Biology 203L, or Permission of Instructor. (0.25 course credit)-Swart
Neuroscience 402. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology— View course description in department listing on p. 700. Prerequisite: A grade of C- or better in either Biology 153, Biology 183, or Biology 203. -Guardiola-Diaz